Tertiary dune systems and coastal forests along South Africa’s East Coast form a unique and ecologically important landscape. These ancient dunes, formed during earlier interglacial periods (over 100,000 years ago), are older and more stable than primary and secondary dunes, and are often located further inland (although not on the east coast where the tertiary dunes are the first dunes that are encountered). Over time, these dunes have developed deep, nutrient-poor sandy soils that support dense coastal forests—home to a rich variety of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic. The forests act as a buffer against wind and salt spray, provide critical habitat, and play a role in water regulation and carbon storage. You can spot these systems as elevated, forested ridges behind the beach or secondary dunes, often covered in tall trees, creepers, and undergrowth. Look out for species like milkwood, wild banana, and coastal red milkwood, as well as birds, monkeys, and insects that thrive in this lush environment. These ecosystems are fragile and increasingly threatened by development, erosion, and invasive species.